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علم الأورام

علم الأورام هو تخصص طبي يتعامل مع الوقاية من جميع أنواع السرطان وتشخيصها وعلاجها. هناك أنواع مختلفة من السرطان قد تصيب أجزاء مختلفة من الجسم. لذلك ، قد يقرر طبيب الأورام التخصص في فرع معين ، مثل علاج سرطان الثدي أو علاج سرطان البروستاتا أو سرطان الفم.

علم الأورام هو فرع من فروع الطب الذي يتعامل مع الوقاية من السرطان وتشخيصه وعلاجه. الاختصاصي الطبي الذي يمارس طب الأورام هو طبيب أورام. أصل الاسم الاشتقاقي هو الكلمة اليونانية ὄγκος (ónkos) ، والتي تعني "الورم" أو "الحجم" أو "الكتلة" وكلمة λόγος (الشعارات) ، والتي تعني "الكلام".

المكونات الثلاثة التي حسنت البقاء على قيد الحياة في السرطان هي:

الوقاية - عن طريق الحد من عوامل الخطر مثل استهلاك التبغ والكحول

التشخيص المبكر - فحص السرطانات الشائعة والتشخيص الشامل وتحديد مراحل المرض

العلاج - إدارة الطرق المتعددة من خلال المناقشة في مجلس الأورام والعلاج في مركز شامل للسرطان

غالبًا ما تتم إدارة السرطان من خلال مناقشة مؤتمرات السرطان متعددة التخصصات حيث يلتقي أطباء الأورام وأخصائيي الأورام الجراحيين وعلماء الأورام بالإشعاع وأخصائيي علم الأمراض وأخصائيي الأشعة وأخصائيي علاج الأورام بأعضاء معينة للعثور على أفضل إدارة ممكنة لمريض فردي مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الجوانب الجسدية والاجتماعية والنفسية والعاطفية والعاطفية. الوضع المالي للمريض. من المهم جدًا لأخصائيي الأورام أن يظلوا على اطلاع دائم بأحدث التطورات في علم الأورام ، حيث إن التغييرات في إدارة السرطان شائعة جدًا. يجب تسجيل جميع المرضى المؤهلين الذين يتطور لديهم مرض السرطان والذين لا تتوفر لهم خيارات علاجية قياسية في تجربة سريرية.

تحري
يوصى بالكشف عن سرطانات الثدي وعنق الرحم والقولون والرئة.

أعراض
بشكل عام ، تعتمد الأعراض عادةً على موقع السرطان ونوعه. 

عوامل الخطر

التبغ: هو السبب الرئيسي للسرطان والوفاة من السرطان. يرتبط التدخين بزيادة مخاطر الإصابة بسرطان الرئة والحنجرة والفم والمريء والحلق والمثانة والكلى والكبد والمعدة والبنكرياس والقولون والمستقيم وعنق الرحم وسرطان الدم النخاعي الحاد. يرتبط التبغ الذي لا يُدَخَّن (استنشاق أو مضغ التبغ) بزيادة مخاطر الإصابة بسرطانات الفم والمريء والبنكرياس.

الكحول: يمكن أن يزيد من خطر الإصابة بسرطان الفم والحلق والمريء والحنجرة والكبد والثدي. يكون خطر الإصابة بالسرطان أعلى بكثير بالنسبة لمن يشربون الكحول ويستخدمون التبغ أيضًا.

السمنة: الأفراد الذين يعانون من السمنة أكثر عرضة للإصابة بسرطان الثدي والقولون والمستقيم وبطانة الرحم والمريء والكلى والبنكرياس والمرارة.

العمر: التقدم في العمر عامل خطر للعديد من أنواع السرطان. متوسط عمر تشخيص السرطان هو 66 سنة.

  • Lymphoma
    Fever, weight loss more than 10% body weight in preceding 6 months and drenching night sweats which constitutes the B symptoms, lump in neck, axilla or groin. It includes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) : Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimen and Involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) : Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B cell lymphomas and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T cell lymphomas.
  • Endometrial Cancer
    Bleeding per vagina.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Ovary Cancer
    Nonspecific symptoms like abdominal distension, dyspepsia.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Head and Neck Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitors).
  • Thyroid Cancer
    Lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery and radioactive iodine.
  • Stomach Cancer
    Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss.Treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).
  • Rectum Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery.
  • Pancreatic Cancer
    Weight loss, jaundice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Bladder Cancer
    Blood in urine.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Testis Cancer
    Swelling of testis, back pain, dyspnoea.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
  • Blood Cancer
    Bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums, bleeding from nose, blood in vomitus, blood in sputum, blood stained urine, black coloured stools, fever, lump in neck, axilla or groin, lump in upper abdomen. Includes acute and chronic leukemias. Acute leukemias includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemias include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Intensive chemotherapy phase for initial 6 months and maintenance chemotherapy for 2 years. Prophylactic cranial and stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients.Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Induction with chemotherapy (Daunorubicin + Cytarabine) followed by consolidation chemotherapy (High dose cytarabine). Stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Chemo-immunotherapy (FCR or BR regimen) for symptomatic patients. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib) as first-line treatment.
  • Breast Cancer
    Lump in breast and axilla associated with or without ulceration or bloody nipple discharge.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors)
  • Cervix Cancer
    Bleeding after sexual intercourse.Treatment options include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy.
  • Lung Cancer
    Persistent cough, breathlessness, blood in the sputum, hoarseness of voice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors).
  • Brain Cancer
    Persistent headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Oesophagus Cancer
    Painful swallowing predominantly to solid food, weight loss.Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.
  • Colon Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors).
  • Liver Cancer
    Jaundice, pain and mass in right upper abdomen.Treatment options include surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Radio-frequency abalation (RFA) and multi-kinase (Sorafenib).
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Prostate Cancer
    Urgency, hesitancy and frequency while passing urine, bony pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgens and immunotherapy.
  • Bone Cancer
    Pain and swelling of bones.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

أنواع السرطان

التشخيص والتربية

  • Lymphoma
    Fever, weight loss more than 10% body weight in preceding 6 months and drenching night sweats which constitutes the B symptoms, lump in neck, axilla or groin. It includes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) : Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimen and Involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) : Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B cell lymphomas and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T cell lymphomas.
  • Endometrial Cancer
    Bleeding per vagina.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Ovary Cancer
    Nonspecific symptoms like abdominal distension, dyspepsia.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Head and Neck Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitors).
  • Thyroid Cancer
    Lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery and radioactive iodine.
  • Stomach Cancer
    Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss.Treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).
  • Rectum Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery.
  • Pancreatic Cancer
    Weight loss, jaundice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Bladder Cancer
    Blood in urine.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Testis Cancer
    Swelling of testis, back pain, dyspnoea.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
  • Blood Cancer
    Bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums, bleeding from nose, blood in vomitus, blood in sputum, blood stained urine, black coloured stools, fever, lump in neck, axilla or groin, lump in upper abdomen. Includes acute and chronic leukemias. Acute leukemias includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemias include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Intensive chemotherapy phase for initial 6 months and maintenance chemotherapy for 2 years. Prophylactic cranial and stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients.Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Induction with chemotherapy (Daunorubicin + Cytarabine) followed by consolidation chemotherapy (High dose cytarabine). Stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Chemo-immunotherapy (FCR or BR regimen) for symptomatic patients. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib) as first-line treatment.
  • Breast Cancer
    Lump in breast and axilla associated with or without ulceration or bloody nipple discharge.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors)
  • Cervix Cancer
    Bleeding after sexual intercourse.Treatment options include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy.
  • Lung Cancer
    Persistent cough, breathlessness, blood in the sputum, hoarseness of voice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors).
  • Brain Cancer
    Persistent headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Oesophagus Cancer
    Painful swallowing predominantly to solid food, weight loss.Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.
  • Colon Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors).
  • Liver Cancer
    Jaundice, pain and mass in right upper abdomen.Treatment options include surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Radio-frequency abalation (RFA) and multi-kinase (Sorafenib).
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Prostate Cancer
    Urgency, hesitancy and frequency while passing urine, bony pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgens and immunotherapy.
  • Bone Cancer
    Pain and swelling of bones.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

تخصصات الأورام

الأقسام الثلاثة الرئيسية:

  • Lymphoma
    Fever, weight loss more than 10% body weight in preceding 6 months and drenching night sweats which constitutes the B symptoms, lump in neck, axilla or groin. It includes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) : Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimen and Involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) : Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B cell lymphomas and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T cell lymphomas.
  • Endometrial Cancer
    Bleeding per vagina.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Ovary Cancer
    Nonspecific symptoms like abdominal distension, dyspepsia.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Head and Neck Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitors).
  • Thyroid Cancer
    Lump in the neck.Treatment options include surgery and radioactive iodine.
  • Stomach Cancer
    Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss.Treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).
  • Rectum Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery.
  • Pancreatic Cancer
    Weight loss, jaundice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Bladder Cancer
    Blood in urine.Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Testis Cancer
    Swelling of testis, back pain, dyspnoea.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
  • Blood Cancer
    Bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums, bleeding from nose, blood in vomitus, blood in sputum, blood stained urine, black coloured stools, fever, lump in neck, axilla or groin, lump in upper abdomen. Includes acute and chronic leukemias. Acute leukemias includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemias include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Intensive chemotherapy phase for initial 6 months and maintenance chemotherapy for 2 years. Prophylactic cranial and stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients.Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Induction with chemotherapy (Daunorubicin + Cytarabine) followed by consolidation chemotherapy (High dose cytarabine). Stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Chemo-immunotherapy (FCR or BR regimen) for symptomatic patients. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib) as first-line treatment.
  • Breast Cancer
    Lump in breast and axilla associated with or without ulceration or bloody nipple discharge.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors)
  • Cervix Cancer
    Bleeding after sexual intercourse.Treatment options include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy.
  • Lung Cancer
    Persistent cough, breathlessness, blood in the sputum, hoarseness of voice.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors).
  • Brain Cancer
    Persistent headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).
  • Oesophagus Cancer
    Painful swallowing predominantly to solid food, weight loss.Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.
  • Colon Cancer
    Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors).
  • Liver Cancer
    Jaundice, pain and mass in right upper abdomen.Treatment options include surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Radio-frequency abalation (RFA) and multi-kinase (Sorafenib).
  • Skin Cancer
    Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.
  • Prostate Cancer
    Urgency, hesitancy and frequency while passing urine, bony pain.Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgens and immunotherapy.
  • Bone Cancer
    Pain and swelling of bones.Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
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